9 consejos a turistas para comprar vivienda en EEUU

Si està ¡ pensando en  comprar una vivienda en Estados Unidos pero le preocupa porque tiene estatus de turista, bien porque ha ingresado con una visa de esa categorà ­a o bien sin visa, por ser ciudadano de un paà ­s incluido en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados,  tiene que saber que no sà ³lo es posible sino que es relativamente fà ¡cil.  Ã‚   En este artà ­culo se resuelven las dudas mà ¡s frecuentes,  desde tipo de propiedad a cà ³mo financiar la compra y cà ³mo entender correctamente las opciones migratorias reales para obtener una tarjeta de residencia permanente en Estados Unidos por inversià ³n en un bien raà ­z. 1.- ¿Quà © tipo de inmuebles  se pueden comprar en EE.UU.  con estatus de turista? Casas, fincas rà ºsticas y condominios, conocidos estos à ºltimos popularmente como condos. En cuando a los  apartamentos en rà ©gimen de  co-ops, es mà ¡s complicado adquirirlos, a menos que se trate de cooperativas que se administran siguiendo reglas de los condos. La razà ³n del problema radica en  que para comprar un co-op es necesario, como regla general, tener los ingresos y la mayorà ­a del patrimonio en Estados Unidos, requisito que no se da en la mayorà ­a de los casos de turistas extranjeros temporalmente en el paà ­s. 2.- ¿Se necesita tener todo el dinero en efectivo o asegurar financiacià ³n en el paà ­s de origen? No, ni lo uno ni lo otro. Los bancos de Estados Unidos pueden financiar siempre y cuando se adelante un porcentaje importante en concepto de pago inicial, conocido en inglà ©s como  down payment. El porcentaje puede variar de banco a banco y, tambià ©n, de estado a estado. Por ejemplo, en la ciudad de Nueva York puede ser necesario abonar el 30 por ciento, en Miami el 50 y en zonas de Texas entre el 25 y el 30 por ciento pero estas cantidades pueden variar segà ºn las circunstancias de cada caso. Ademà ¡s, los bancos que financian suelen exigir garantà ­as adicionales como un depà ³sito suficiente para cubrir todos los pagos de la hipoteca de un aà ±o, mà ¡s seguros y gastos del inmueble. Tambià ©n se debe tener en cuenta que dentro de Estados Unidos hay una gran diferencia entre estados en lo que se paga como impuesto a las ventas de bienes y servicios  e incluso condados y municipalidades. Este es un dato importante ya que puede suponer un importante gasto con el que no se contaba. 3.- ¿Cuà ¡l es la mejor forma de encontrar una vivienda para comprar? Contratando a un agente inmobiliario, conocido en inglà ©s como broker. La gran ventaja para el comprador es que no va a pagarle por sus servicios ya que la comisià ³n corre de cuenta del vendedor. Si à ©ste cuenta con su propio broker, en el momento de la venta los dos agentes se dividirà ¡n entre ellos las ganancias por sus servicios de intermediario. Ademà ¡s, si necesitas financiacià ³n el broker puede ponerte en contacto con el banco con el que habitualmente trabajan. 4.- ¿Cuà ¡nto tiempo puede demorarse la tramitacià ³n de la compra? Una vez que has encontrado el inmueble que deseas comprar, la tramitacià ³n del cierre de la operacià ³n puede hacerse en tan poco como 30 dà ­as. No es necesario estar presente en Estados Unidos durante toda la tramitacià ³n, ya que puedes otorgar un poder notarial, conocido en inglà ©s como  power of attorney,  a un representante. 5.- ¿Puede  girarse todo el dinero que quiera a EEE.UU. para comprar bienes raà ­ces? Desde el punto de vista de USA, sà ­. Si bien las autoridades estudian la procedencia y legalidad del dinero. Ademà ¡s, debe cumplirse con todas las obligaciones impuestas por el paà ­s de origen del comprador  para transferencias internacionales de dinero y pago de impuestos. 6.- ¿Hay que pagar impuestos por la propiedad que se compra en Estados Unidos? Si se  vende y se gana con la operacià ³n, hay que pagar el impuesto correspondiente. En cuanto al porcentaje va a depender del tipo de acuerdo fiscal entre el paà ­s del comprador y Estados Unidos, si es que hay  alguno firmado. Tambià ©n es posible no pagar si con la venta se financia la compra de una nueva propiedad. Por el contrario, si la vivienda se dedica a alquiler, es necesario   declarar impuestos anualmente en la forma de income tax en EE.UU. Para ello, si no se tiene un Nà ºmero del Seguro Social emitido por las autoridades de Estados Unidos, debe sacarse un nà ºmero fiscal que se conoce como  un ITIN. Es conveniente informarse con un fiscalista porque si se està ¡ pagando hipoteca es posible que no exista la obligacià ³n de pagar  durante al menos los diez primeros aà ±os siguientes a la compra. En todo caso, aunque no existiera la obligacià ³n de pagar, sà ­ que hay la de hacer la declaracià ³n de impuestos y presentarla anualmente el 15 de abril o antes. 7.- ¿Por quà © es recomendable crear una sociedad que figure como propietaria del inmueble? Para evitar pagar impuesto de sucesià ³n cuando fallece el propietario de la vivienda, que puede ser muy alto. Pero si el propietario es una LLC, es decir, una  sociedad limitada,  de la que se es accionista junto con una Corporacià ³n Extranjera, en inglà ©s conocida como  Foreign Corporation, entonces despuà ©s del fallecimiento del propietario los herederos no tienen que pagar nada por recibir ese inmueble. Es muy conveniente tratar este asunto con un abogado especialista en este tipo de asuntos. 8.- ¿Puede obtenerse la  tarjeta de residencia por comprar una propiedad en EE.UU.? No, la compra de un inmueble, aunque sea muy caro, no està ¡ contemplado en la actualidad como uno de los caminos para obtener la residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card o tarjeta verde.   Sin embargo, sà ­ que es posible sacar la green card con una inversià ³n a travà ©s del programa EB-5, pero implica muchas mà ¡s cosas y no una simple compra de uno o varios inmuebles, por muy caros que estos sean. Tampoco sirve una mera inversià ³n inmobiliaria  como base para poder solicitar con à ©xito la visa E-2 de inversià ³n. Sin embargo, si se convierte en negocio a dicha inversià ³n, entonces podrà ­a servir. En todo caso, los turistas que son propietarios de una vivienda en Estados Unidos  no pueden trabajar ni permanecer continuamente en Estados Unidos y deben respetar su condicià ³n migratoria para evitar una cancelacià ³n de la visa. Por ejemplo, no se puede ser una carga pà ºblica. Eso quiere decir, entre otras cosas, que hay que pagar las facturas mà ©dicas y  no enviar a los hijos con una visa de turista a estudiar a una escuela de primaria o secundaria pà ºblica. Si desean estudiar, deben obtener una visa F-1 de estudiante. Estar en Estados Unidos con la visa incorrecta puede dar lugar a la revocacià ³n de la que se tiene e, incluso, a la cancelacià ³n de la visa de los padres que consienten una violacià ³n migratoria. 9.-Origen de los extranjeros que compran propiedades en Estados Unidos En un sà ³lo aà ±o, los turistas extranjeros invirtieron $82,5 billones (mil millones) en propiedades en Estados Unidos, comprando, principalmente,  Ã‚  en los estados de Florida, California, Nueva York, Texas y Arizona. Los extranjeros que efectuaron  mà ¡s compras fueron los canadienses, que prefieren comprar en Arizona y Texas, seguidos de los chinos, si bien los rusos son los que hacen las compras mà ¡s caras. Argentinos, colombianos, venezolanos y brasileà ±os destacan tambià ©n entre los grandes compradores, siendo Florida el estado donde mà ¡s invierten. Consejos para disfrutar Estados Unidos como turista Estados Unidos es el segundo paà ­s del mundo que recibe mà ¡s turistas, sà ³lo sobrepasado por Francia. Sin embargo, es el paà ­s donde los turistas gastan mà ¡s dinero en compras. Para los turistas que disfrutan comprando ropa y accesorios de marca,  las sample sales para comprar a precios rebajados  en Nueva York son un destino a tener en cuenta. Por el contrario, para los que quieren disfrutar de las grandes atracciones de Estados Unidos, estas son las 10 mà ¡s visitadas. De interà ©s migratorio para todos los turistas Estas  20 causas que pueden dar lugar a que la visa no se apruebe o no se renueve  e, incluso, a que al llegar al control migratorio sirven de base para que el oficial de Inmigracià ³n niegue el ingreso del turista extranjero a los Estados Unidos. Desde el punto de vista migratorio, el principal consejo es evitar problemas. Para ello se recomienda tomar este  test de respuestas mà ºltiples. Frecuentemente, los  grandes problemas migratorios y en el paso de aduanas tienen su origen en ignorancias pequeà ±as. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Alkanes and Alkenes - 802 Words

Exercise 5 Comparing the Reaction Rates of Alkanes and Alkenes Group # 4 Members: Pangan, Sam Margarette Perales, Angelica Ibay, Sophia Irigan, Sharien May Sorensen, John Antonio Ocan, Emmanuel Submitted to: Ms. Ginalyn Cuenca Mr. Neil Abreo Date: December 6, 2012 Introduction Alkanes are hydrocarbons with only single bonds between the atoms. Saturated hydrocarbon is the other term for it. They are used as fuels because they are non-reactive and also do not conduct electricity. For this reason they do not form hydrogen bonds and are insoluble in solvents such as water while alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are the other term for alkenes.†¦show more content†¦The butter and lard din not mixed well with the potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and has some unmixed reactant which was at the bottom of the test tubes. Others, such as canola oil, coconut oil, linseed oil, castor oil, corn oil, and margarine has reactions as seen at table 1. Discussion Table 2: Identified Samples Samples | Saturated/Unsaturated | Alkanes/Alkenes | | | | Lard | Saturated | Alkanes | Butter | Saturated | Alkanes | Margarine | Saturated | Alkanes | Coconut Oil | Saturated | Alkanes | Canola Oil | Unsaturated | Alkenes | Linseed Oil | Unsaturated | Alkenes | Corn Oil | Unsaturated | Alkenes | Castor Oil | Unsaturated | Alkenes | Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) discharges its color to the samples if it is unsaturated fat, however some have special cases like margarine and coconut oil. Alkanes are not reactant with most reagentsbecause they have good orbital overlap, and their C-C and C-H bonds are strong. Alkane is not acidic nor basic due to the C-H bond and theShow MoreRelatedAlkenes and Alkynes in Hyrdicarbons861 Words   |  3 PagesAlkenes and Alkynes are two other types of hydrocarbons. 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Key Element Makes Operations Organization †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Existing Communication Process Practiced In Coca Cola? What Are The Various Steps Taken By Coca-Cola To Maintain Effective Communication Channel? Are The Strategies Effective? What Can The Organization Do To Have A Better Communication Strategy? What Are The Problem Areas Of Coca-Cola? What Will Be The Most Effective Strategies That Could Be Suggested To Coca-Cola? Answers: Introducation Communication is the key element that makes the operations of any organization run smoothly. Every process in an organization requires proper communication Channel. For achieving the goals it is very important to see the effectiveness of the communication process of the organization. Often the problem in the communication channel causes a lot of dissatisfaction between the employees and the customers. Coca-Cola is an American company for non- alcoholic beverages, concentrates and syrups. The company manufactures retails and even does the marketing of the products of Coca-Cola. The head quarter of Coca-cola is in Atlanta, Georgia. Coca-Cola acquired a few companies like the minute maid, Thumbs up and Barq. James Queinecy is the Chief Executive Officer of Coca-cola. The communication channel of the organization is not strong and it has been creating a number of issues. Research Aims Coca cola is an old and well renowned brand, but less is known about the communication strategy that is being used by Coca-cola. The aim is the research is to study the existing communication strategies of Coca-cola. The readers will know about the methods and steps taken by Coca-Cola to maintain an effective communication channel with its employees, suppliers, public, customers and all the stakeholders. Whether there is any requirement for improvising the present communication channel. The research will let the readers know about the different strategies that will be helpful for the organization to have an effective communication channel. Problem Statement Coca-cola is facing a very tough competition from its industry rivals. The strategies of the company do not seem to have been influential. The communication channel to communicate with the public and the customers are not effective enough. The sales of the organization are dropping and it is being suspected that the reason is that company is not being able to communicate effectively with its customers and public. The communication strategies that are used by the organization are not effective. Rationale of the study There are serious issues with the communication methods used by the company, a proper research is needed to be conducted to find out the various problem areas. After identifying the problem through research the solutions are also required to be found out. The communication problem of company calls for the need of implementing certain strategies that will be helpful for strengthening the process of the company. The reason the research was conducted because there was a need for identifying the issues with the organization so that effective measurers can be taken so that all the communication issues of the organization can be resolved (Best Kahn, 2014). The research hypothesis is that effectiveness of any organization to a great extent depends upon the communication channel and the strategies that the company implements. Organizations where there is good and effective communication channel and the process is also excellent, that organization shows positive results. Coca-Cola is an example where the communication is not effective and hence there are issues in the operational as well as marketing process of the organization. The following report is based on the communication process of Coca-Cola. In the researches Coca-cola has found out certain issues, from the researches it was found out that the communication channel of coca-cola is not very effective. The following report contains a brief discussion on the existing communication process of Coca-Cola. The report also includes discussion on what are the problem areas of Coca-cola, and the strategies that will be most suited for the company for maintain an effective communication channel Coca-Cola is an American company that is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and incorporated in Wilmington, Delaware, the company manufactures, maintains retails and does the marketing of non-alcoholic beverages of Coca-cola. The company was invented by a pharmaceutical practitioner in the year, 1886 whose name was John Stith Pemberton in Columbus. The sales of the company are not the way it used to be, serious concerns have been risen regarding the sales of Coca-cola. The main reason behind the poor performance of the organization is considered to be the communication process of the organization which is not that much effective (Kaul, 2014). Communication process of Coca-Cola The communication process used by Coca-Cola is good but there are certain issues that often create problem for the organization especially the there have been instances where the communication with the customers have become the reason for conflict. For maintaining effective communication channel in the organization the organization uses mostly written communication. Employees are communicated about the policies of the organization through circulars, notices, handouts and mails. Video conferencing and other advanced technologies are also used by the organization for conducting long distance meeting and conferences. To communicate with the suppliers the organization mostly uses business letters. Suppliers are also being communicated through phone calls, the orders are given through phone and later confirmed through mail. Coca-Cola communicates with its customers through emails, cold calls and face to face communication is used. Through various press releases Coca-Cola communicates to the public. For advertising and promotional activities the company mostly uses televisions, radios and billboards (Huseman, Lahiff Penrose, 2014). Problems with the existing communication process Coca-Cola mostly uses written communication for its employees, and oral communication is very less used. Written communication is a long process and often one has to wait for feedback to understand that the message was delivered. There is very less face to face interaction with the employees, it is very important to have face to face interaction with the employees. Press releases are not quite often. Advertising strategies that are used by the organization are not effective; the advertisements are not interesting and attractive enough to create the interest of the company. There are too much repetitions and same type of advertisements are shown to the public (Cooper, Schindler Sun, 2016). The media selection for the advertisement is also very less as there is very less use of print media tools for advertising. The company does not use tools like flyers, brochures for advertisements. Which needs to used on regular basis. The promotional activities of the organization are also not very effective. The employees of Coca-Cola since are mostly communicated through written communication there is very less occasions where the employees are motivated or where there morale is boosted. Aggressive marketing strategies are not used like other FMCG companies use. Website of the organization has not been developed and hence it has been ineffective in being the platform for interaction with the public (Munro et al., 2015). Strategies Coca-Cola should also use oral communication at other occasions also and not just during the operations. There are several benefits of oral communication, it is fast and more influencing and one do not have to wait for feedback. More and more face to face interactions should be done so that the problems of the customers are resolved their grievances are heard. The website of Coca-Cola should be improved so that it can be useful for the customers to interact with the organization. The advertising strategies of the company are not effective enough and tools like flyers and brochure should be used more. Aggressive advertising strategies are needed to be implemented. The company needs to use flyers and brochures for interacting with the public and customers; it can be used for both advertising and promotional activities (Chaney Martin, 2013). Press releases should be quite often so that the organization maintains a communication channel with the public as well. Magazines should be used for communicating with public and customers. There has to be more and more use of written communication, while communicating with the public and the customers. The advertisements should be made interesting and the advertising team needs to be more creative while making advertisements. The same theme should not be used for advertising rather new theme can be introduced. It is very important to maintain proper communication with the suppliers as well, the organization needs to communicate to its suppliers on regular basis and try to maintain a healthy communication channel. Newsletters should be given to the regular customers and the organization should focus on maintaining a Customer relationship management. Conclusion It can be concluded that the communication process Coca-Cola needs to be improved. The existing communication process of the company is not effective enough as there were many issues addressed. The organization uses mostly written communication for interacting with the employees but they should also use oral communication. Oral communication saves a lot of time and the feedback in oral communication is also very fast. Communication with customers is very important but it has been observed that advertising strategies of the organization and poor so there is need for implementing proper strategies for advertising. The advertisements are of same theme and they lack creativity, so the company needs to make advertisements that can effectively influence the customers and the public. The public relation activities and the promotional activities are needed to be carried out quite often and then only the organization can have effective communication channel. References Best, J. W., Kahn, J. V. (2014).Research in education. Pearson Higher Ed. Chaney, L., Martin, J. (2013). Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., Sun, J. (2016).Business research methods(Vol. 9). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. DiSanza, J. R., Legge, N. J. (2016).Business and professional communication: Plans, processes, and performance. Pearson. Huseman, R. C., Lahiff, J. M., Penrose, J. M. (201).Business communication: Strategies and skills. Harcourt School. Johnson-Sheehan, R. (2017). Technical management strategies for today. Pearson. Kaul, A. (2014).Effective business communication. PH0I Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Munro, M., Munro, A., Lemmer, K., Pretorius, M. (2015). Theatre strategies to develop emotional intelligence skills in business communication: An exploratory study.Southern African Business Review,19(2), 1-26.

Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction Essay Example For Students

Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction Essay A stamp can be said as an offer to make work or provide goods at a fixed monetary value. Originating measure of a tendering procedure in which qualified contractors are invited to subject certain commands for building or for supply of specific and clearly defined goods or services during a specified timeframe. The stamp procedure is designed to guarantee that the work to be done for client/government is given out in a just manner. For illustration in Malaysia, there are a figure of policies known as procurance policies which guide authorities of Malaysia on how to do determinations on which stamp to accept. Although monetary value is really of import in the determination on which stamp or command to accept, it is non the lone factor taken into history. We will write a custom essay on Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Once client/government accepts a stamp, it is adhering on both parties. This means that the individual or company that won the stamp has to supply the goods or services in the mode agreed to and at the monetary value offered, and client/government must pay the in agreement monetary value at the in agreement clip. In other words, one time accepted, a stamp is a binding contract. 2.2 Types of tendering When talk about tendering, it is involved some sort of complicated procedure and process. Before any tendering procedure can be done, professional squad and employer must do certain all necessary stamp paperss have been prepared, checkered and approved. The beginning of the support besides must hold been identified and the undertaking funding put in topographic point. The processs for subsequent phases should hold been established with the express consent of the employer to guarantee the tendering procedure will travel swimmingly. What types of tendering that employer want to take is depends on nature of contract, complexness of the building, expertness needed and several grounds. But normally for the authorities undertaking all over the universe, is tend to do unfastened stamp to guarantee the procurance and works to be done in reasonably mode without bias. As the research worker reference before, unfastened stamp is one of the types of tendering that normally used in this universe. Actually there are several types of stamp including unfastened stamp, selective stamp, negotiated stamp, consecutive stamp and term tendering. 2.2.1 Open stamp Open tendering is the chief tendering processs employed by both the authorities and private sector. The client advertises the stamp offer in the local newspaper giving item and cardinal information of the proposed plants and ask foring interested contractor to tender. In the legal sense such stamp notices constitute invitation to handle, a mere petition by the employer for suited contractor to subject their commands or offers. If the pre-requisite to tendering on the signifier of ownership of the necessary enrollment has been identified in the stamp notice, so the advertizement is directed to merely that peculiar category of the public holding the said makings. In order to cut down figure of questions, earnest money is deposited ( for private undertaking ) . Until the reception of a bone fide stamp selected so it will be returned. Although monetary value is really of import in the determination on which stamp or command to accept, it is non the lone factor taken into history. Client does non adhere to accept the lowest or any offer. The advantages and disadvantages of unfastened stamp are stated below: Advantages Disadvantages It allows any interested contractor to tender. Therefore it gives chance for an unknown contractor to vie for the work. The stamp list can be long as excessively many contractors tendering for one occupation. Leting the stamp list to be made without prejudice. Client will obtain the deal possible. No favoritism in choosing contractors. Uneconomic usage of beginning. Guaranting good competition non obliged to accept any offers. Public answerability may be questioned if the lowest offer is non accepted. Traditional method of tendering, familiar to all sector of the technology and building industry. Does non pull reputable and established contractor unless they are forced to, due to miss of work. Selective stamp Selective tendering is the one options developed to turn to the restrictions of the unfastened tendering process. In this method, a short list of contractor is drawn up and they are invited to subject stamps. The intent of the elected tendering are to better the quality of the commands received, to guarantee that contractors with the necessary experience and competency are given the chance to subject the necessary commands, due to urgency work involved, for specific grounds of the employer, eg security grounds in authorities undertakings. etc. and to do the tendering process more manageable and less a load on the parties involved. Such list may be prepared through recommendation from the Client s professional advisor whom have knowledge of the Contractors set abouting the work in the yesteryear or advertizement through the newspaper ( prequalification ) . The advantages and disadvantages of the selective tendering are stated below. Advantages Disadvantages Merely the competent contactors were invited to tender, so the lowest can be accepted. Reduces the handiness of work for other contractors particularly new contractors. It reduced the cost of tendering ( economic usage of resources, reduced stamp certification, shorter stamp periods, better direction of the stamp procedure, etc. ) Tender Price may constantly higher than would hold been in unfastened tendering. Greater opportunity of collusion. Tendering period longer because it involved two distinguishable phases. Favoritisms may happen in the short listing. Two Stage Selective Tender .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 , .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .postImageUrl , .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 , .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779:hover , .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779:visited , .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779:active { border:0!important; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779:active , .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779 .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u976055ca03f3c55f1c20d6782dd4d779:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Decartes meditations EssayTwo phase selective tendering combined elements of competition and dialogue into a expression where the employer could use the contractor s expertness at an early phase of the undertaking rhythm so as to maximise invention, inventiveness and quality and at the same time optimize cost, clip and resource input. A contractor is selected competitively early in the design procedure. The stamp paperss contain about measures of the major value points. As design and planning proceed, the concluding stamp is developed from cost and priced informations supplied with the initial stamp. Two phase selective tendering was really popular in developed states. It was different from selective tendering because has two ( 2 ) distinct phases viz. : Choice of suited contractor This involves the choice of a suited contractor and the constitution of a degree of pricing for subsequent dialogues. The aim is to choose suited contractor every bit early as possible is to work together with the professional squad and to set up a degree of pricing for subsequent dialogue. The standards for short listing is usually confined to points such as proficient and fiscal capableness, experience in similar plants and extent of resources ( work force, works and equipment ) . The pricing papers should be flexible plenty to provide for accommodation of monetary value fluctuation for the period between two phases and the pricing of the 2nd phase. In choosing a suited campaigner, a footing for pricing the subsequent 2nd phase should be established consequently. Determination of Contract Price Once a suited contractor is selected, he will work together with the undertaking squad get down lending to the pre contract procedure in his capacity as indifferent but independent building expert. This contractor will lend the followers: Contribution as a Technical Advisor to the Design Process Practical Skills and Buildability Minimization of Project Delay During this phase, a dialogue to make an understanding on the concluding contract monetary value is undertaken and the pre contract procedure is perfected. If no understanding being reached, the employer has an option to abandon the tendering exercising and re-tender the plants utilizing any other tendering process. The application of two phase selective tendering might be appropriate where the plants are a really complicated nature, where at the clip of choice of the contractor, the magnitude of the work may non be known with sufficient certainty and where it is an indispensable pre-requisite for plants to be finished by an early completion day of the month. Table below are some advantages and disadvantage of two phases selective tendering. Advantages Disadvantages Benefit of the contractor s expertness in buildability, specializer cognition in proprietry systems, undertaking programming, etc ensuing in value for money. Its application requires a high degree of acquaintance and committedness on the portion of employers and contractors. Early beginning of work at site even when the magnitude of the plants is non known with sufficient certainty at the clip of site ownership. Owing to a comparatively smaller component of competition, but on the other manus higher dialogues content, the stamp procedure is comparatively more expensive and longer than other common processs. Savingss of clip due to the convergence of the design and tendering phase. Should the 2nd phase be deadlocked or result in no acceptable understanding being reached, the stamp procedure has to be initiated all over once more, albeit, through a different path. This incurs a clip and cost punishment to the undertaking as a whole. The process utilizes the best facets of both competition and dialogue to get at the most favorable agreement at an optimal steadfast monetary value before work commences. This procedures requires a high degree of committedness, unity and good religion on the portion of both sides which unhappily is normally deficient, therefore the evident failures encountered to day of the month. Since the contractor is portion of the undertaking squad at a really phase of the undertaking, this consequences in better communicating and information flow. By and large there will be fewer claims and differences in the station contract award phase due to the contractor s engagement at the design / pre contract phase. Experience has shows that the contractor has a clearer apprehension of the demands and a better grasp of the elaboratenesss of the design and contract certifications. Negotiation Tender Negotiation tendering is extensively used in the technology and building industry get downing from tendering till difference declarations, i.e. under the manners of pre-contract dialogues and station contract dialogues. Normally with individual contractor but may be up to three contractors. Negotiation procedure involves are as follows: Designation by the employer of a suited contractor to negociate with. The contractor can be selected either from the employer s ain list of penchants or on the advice of the professional squad. The contractor being apprised of the workscope. The selected contractor is issued with inside informations such as the range of work involved, relevant drawings, design and /or information to enable him to appreciate the extents of duties and the employer s existent demands. Some employers prepare and issue to the contractor proper stamp paperss inclusive of a nominative measures of measures to help contractor in pricing the plants for the extroverted dialogues. Negotiations can be applied to the following type of contract: In Partnering type of contracts under the so called win-win expression. Where the employer has a long term concern relationship with the contractor. In state of affairss where the parties are in a relationships of keeping and subordinate companies. Where the contractor is involved in the funding of the undertaking. In state of affairss where the employer finds it advantages to use the same contractor to go on an initial or bing contract for the new plants .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 , .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .postImageUrl , .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 , .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711:hover , .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711:visited , .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711:active { border:0!important; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711:active , .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711 .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u110ccde9811e7a3b2953aa053f3af711:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Disobedience EssayWhere there is a pressing demand to hold a really early start of work on the site and to finish the plants on a fast tract footing. In particular fortunes e.g. Security grounds, exigencies etc where it is expedient to procure the services of a peculiar contractor merely. Where there is merely a individual contractor who is the lone one available or with ether the particular accomplishment or resources to transport out the peculiar plants. The employer s resources are either limited or forced thereby doing the usage of the other tendering impractical. Advantages Disadvantages Merely reputable contractor are invited for dialogue. The cost work is likely higher than competitory stamp. The Contractor can lend his expertness during design phase. Reduces the handiness of work for other contractors. Early Beginning of work on site. It shortens the period involved in naming the contractor. Should the dialogues be dead end or turn out finally unsuccessful, this causes wastage of valuable resources on both sides and loss of clip for the employer, thereby detaining the overall choice of suited contractor. Reduce hazard of failure Best options for the employer to follow is particular fortunes such as exigencies, security grounds and etc. Experience has shows that contracts allow out this footing consequence in fewer differences and claims during the building phase. Term Tender Term tendering usually used on major care undertakings. It may be awarded to a contractor to cover a scope of different edifices in different locations. It is frequently limited to a fixed clip graduated table, although the demands of the client may frequently necessitate this to be extended. It is like a standing offer to set about a slackly defined extends of work normally within a fixed clip period. The type of work is normally specified and priced in a agenda of rates. The contractor will ab initio be offered the work to cover a figure of different trades normally on the footing of monetary values contained in a agenda prepared by the client.Where the client supplies the rates for the work, the contractors are given the option of citing a per centum add-on or tax write-off from these rates depending upon their desire to win the undertaking. The contractor offering the most advantageous per centum to the client will so be awarded the contract. An indicant of the sum of work expect ed over the specified period of clip will help the contractors in the consideration of the per centum to be quoted. 2.3 Conventional Tendering Procedure As the research worker mentioned before, this chapter will concentrate on conventional stamp while the following chapter will concentrate on electronic tendering. Therefore readers will see clearly background on conventional tendering and electronic tendering. Conventional tendering procedure will affect pre-tender phase, stamp advertizement phase, shutting of stamp, stamp gap procedure, stamp rating procedure and eventually tender award. 2.3.1 Pre-tender Phase At pre-tender phase, when the clients have an thought, client will name adviser to discourse further about the undertaking. Consultant will make their occupation, reding, pull offing the stamp and contract, and besides transfer the thought into the drawing. At this phase client and advisers will brainstorming about the range, clip to finish and budget that client willing to apportion. Researcher believes that pre-tender phase is most important affair because it will originate the following measure of a undertaking. If the pre-tender phase is failed, the undertaking will non successfully complete. 2.3.2 Tender Ad Tender advertizement besides called stamp notice. The conventional stamp notice will publicize in local newspaper. In stamp notice, basic demand should be looking are: Title of the undertaking. Class of contractor, caput and subhead needed. Location, day of the month, and clip to obtain the stamp papers. Fees for stamp papers. Location, day of the month and clip for entry of stamp physician. 2.3.3 Shutting of Tender In stamp notice will advert the clip and day of the month of stamp shutting procedure. If the contractors fail to subject their commands within specific clip and day of the month, it considers the contractors refuse to offer for the stamp. At that clip besides tender cogency period is started. At this period, contractors can retreat back their commands if they are no more interested to contend for the stamp. Consultant usage this period to do appraisal and rating each of the offers. 2.3.4 Tender Opening and Evaluation Process Measure surveyors normally will manage stamp gap procedure. In order to continue the unity of the competitory procedure, it is imperative that the rating of proposals is undertaken objectively, systematically and without bias towards peculiar providers. Tenders are normally evaluated against a pre-determined set of standards. The rating of the stamps shall be prepared the soonest possible after the stamp gap. A study prepared by the Quantity Surveyor will depict the findings of the said rating and it will be supported by tabular arraies and graphs. In the terminal, the Quantity Surveyor will urge which tenderer, who in his sentiment, is the most suited to set about to put to death the undertaking. 2.3.5 Tender Award An rating squad will analyze each stamp received and do recommendations as to which stamp represents best value for money. Once the contract has been awarded, both the successful and unsuccessful tenderers will be notified. Once the concluding determination has been made on the stamp award, the stamp decision maker creates the stamp consequences presentment which is in missive signifier, and so sent to all take parting contractors.

Finance- understanding cost, revenue and profit for a business Essay Example

Finance Finance- understanding cost, revenue and profit for a business Essay Finance- understanding cost, revenue and profit for a business Essay In accounting, costs are the monetary value of expenditures for supplies, services, labour, products, equipment and other items purchased for use by a business or other accounting entity. Here are some of the costs a business needs to know: * Fixed * Start-up cost : * Variable * Total * Marginal * Semi-fixed costs * Direct costs * Indirect costs * Average * Operating costs Fixed costs These costs do not change however many units of a product are made. Factory rent, insurance premiums and administration salaries stay the same, whether the factory is working at full capacity or producing nothing. The owner of the business may have taken out a loan to buy equipment or refurbish a building. The loan will have to be repaid whether or not the business has customers. Variable costs Variable costs change as output changes. For example, the amount of raw materials needed varies as the levels of output go up or down. Piece-work wages also fluctuate, depending on the employees efficiency and the demand for the companys products. Start- up costs These are incurred before a business begins to operate, such as the purchase of land, building and equipments. Total costs The fixed costs and the variable costs are added together to establish the total costs. The fixed costs remain constant, but the variable costs increase in direct proportion with output. Marginal costs Using marginal cost is a way of measuring how much more it will cost a company to make one more individual item. Semi-fixed costs Semi-fixed costs are costs which only change when there is a large change in output. For example, costs associated with buying a new machine to cope with increased production. Also telephones and electricity for instance have a fixed and variable element: a standard line rental and then a charge for each call/unit of electricity after that. Direct costs Direct costs are costs which can be identified directly with the production of a good or service; e.g. raw materials. Indirect costs Indirect costs are costs which cannot be matched against each product because they need to be paid whether or not the production of good or services takes place; e.g. rent on the premises. Classification of costs help allocate costs to right parts of the profit and loss account and also helps analysis of the break even point of the business. Average costs The example of the CD shows the benefits of economies of scale, where mass production results in a lower unit cost. The reason is that the fixed costs do not change and are spread across a greater level of output. Finding out the average cost of production helps a firm to monitor its progress, and makes it easier to set prices. It is calculated by dividing total cost by total output. Using the example of the compact disc firm above: Total costs / Total output = Average cost of production à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 / 100 CDs = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 per CD This might seem expensive, but if the firm produces another hundred units at a marginal cost of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.00 per CD, its average cost will fall radically: Total costs / Total output = Average cost of production à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,100 / 200 CDs = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.50 per CD The firm can use this information to decide whether it is worth accepting a new order for goods. Operating costs Variables costs and fixed costs added together are known as operating or running costs since they are both incurred when a business is running. Revenue In business, revenue or revenues is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Sales these are the main source of revenue for most organisations because customers pay for the goods or services they buy. Leasing a part of a building to another business can also provide a source of income. Some businesses specialise in leasing cars or equipment to other organisations. Interest this earned when a business has no money in an interest bearing accounts at the bank. Calculating total revenue To do this we need two items of information: * The selling price * The number sold We then need use the following formula: Profit Profit generally is the making of gain in business activity for the benefit of the owners of the business. Profit is the difference between the income of the business and all its costs/expenses. It is normally measured over a period of time. Profit is important in three ways: 1. It rewards the business people who have taken risks to run it 2. It provides the funds to develop the business further 3. It is a source of cash, which allows the business to meet its debts Gross profit This is the difference between sales income and the direct costs of making those products. Gross profit is used as a performance indicator to help the business make decisions over its pricing policies and use of materials. In the example, the business had sales of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18,000 over the year. Its cost of sales was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,850 and its gross profit, therefore, was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13,150. Trading Account for Filling Snacks for year ended 31 December, 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales 18,000 less Cost of Sales Opening Stock 750 Purchases 5000 Closing Stock (900) (4,850) Gross Profit 13,150 Net profit Net profit represents gross profit less all expenses associated with the normal running of the business. Net profit shows how well the business performs under its normal trading circumstances. It is used to calculate the primary efficiency ratio. Net profit is the final profit of the business. It is the amount of profit made by the owners of the business at the end of the period. In this Example when we take expenses into account, we can see that what was a gross profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13,150 is now a net loss of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,650. Trading and Profit Loss Account for Filling Snacks for year ended 31 December, 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales 18,000 less Cost of Sales Opening Stock 750 Purchases 5,000 Closing Stock (900) (4,850) Gross Profit 13,150 less Expenses Rent 10,000 Interest Payments 1,800 Light Heat 1,500 Advertising 500 Other 1,000 (14,800) Net Profit (1,650) Retained profit Retained profit is the profit left over after the shareholders have been paid their dividends. Retained profit is normally reinvested in the business. Profit is important to a business because it is a reward to the owners of the business. They have taken risks with their money and time. If there was no profit, then there would be little point in starting up or putting more money into the business, they might as well put the money into a bank or building society Profit maximization Profit maximization is the process by which a firm determines the price and output level that returns the greatest profit. There are several approaches to this problem. The total revenue total cost method relies on the fact that profit equals revenue minus cost. There are two basic ways of improving profits: * Increasing sales income * Reducing running costs Increasing sales income There are different ways of trying to achieve this. They all have risks as shown in the charts. Methods Risks Increase prise Sales could fail Reduce prices to increase sales Not enough extra sales would be made to compensate Reducing operating costs We already know that cost fall in to two variables and fixed. Many business have operating cost like bills, labours, raw materials etc. An example of reducing operating profit is given below, a valeting business have a list which begins: Staff wages à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200,000 Property rental à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 And end with Ball pens à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20.00 Paper clips à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.50 Method of reducing costs falls into main categories: * Minimising usage * Finding the best purchase deal Item Use less Reduce purchase price Labour Reduce staff levels by increasing number of automated or computerised operations Increase productivity sub-contract work to cheapest bidder Raw materials Use fewer materials in product Look for a cheaper supplier Gas, water and electricity Replace older item with efficient ones, e.g. Energy- saving bulbs, light which turn off automatically. Switch utility company if this would reduced costs Consumable items, e.g. stationary Send documents by e-mail rather than by post. Shop around for cheaper suppliers and investigate online source The importance of profit After tax is paid the business can spend the remaining money in several ways. If the business is a limited company with shareholders, some of the profits will be paid as dividends. These are the rewards paid to shareholders for investing their money- similar to the interest you if you save money in the bank.

Anxiety essays

Anxiety essays Most people have a view of what they think mental illness is. Most of us have seen, at one time or another, someone walking on the street muttering to him or herself, perhaps gesturing, or picking through trash cans but pulling out peculiar things, or exhibiting other behaviors we think are "off" in some way. However, most people who meet the criteria of some psychiatric diagnosis look just like everyone else. In fact, the characteristics for most psychiatric disorders are behaviors we all show at one time or another. They just occur more often and cause problems for the person (Frey, 1999). For instance, we all worry sometimes or feel anxious sometimes, but we don't meet The diagnostic standards set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) unless the symptoms are severe enough that they actively interfere with important parts of our lives, such as work or relationships, in a significant way (Frey, 1999). One of the most common diagnoses from DSM-IV are anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are a cluster of diagnoses that all have anxiety as a main symptom (Frey, 1999). It is a good example of the importance in the diagnostic process of symptoms interfering with life in significant ways, because we all feel anxious sometimes. As one source says, "Normal (sometimes called objective) anxiety occurs when people react appropriately to the situation causing the anxiety. For example, most people feel anxious on the first day at a new job for any number of reasons. They are uncertain how they will be received by co-workers, they may be unfamiliar with their duties, or they may be unsure they made the correct decision in taking the job. Despite these feelings and any accompanying physiological responses, they carry on and eventually adapt" In addition, fear or anxiety is not only normal but appropriate in some circumstances, suc...

Publix Super Market and the Effect of Hurricanes Research Paper

Publix Super Market and the Effect of Hurricanes - Research Paper Example Hurricanes result to enormous damages and devastation within the local communities. These natural disasters tend to deter and disrupt supply chains of major products due to the damages inflicted on infrastructure such as roads, rails, and communication channels. Consequently, businesses (especially those that operate a Just-in-Time manufacturing methodology) incur significant supply shortages that run for long durations, resulting to losses due to lost revenues. Other losses emanate from damage on goods and insurance claims that may run into hundreds of million of dollars. One such business that experienced huge losses in the 2004-2005 hurricanes in Miami, Florida is Publix Supermarket and its chain of stores. This paper seeks to examine the effects of external events to a business, drawing from the impacts of hurricanes on Publix supermarket, especially the disruption of its supply chain, damages to goods, and insurance claims (Publix AMC). Publix Supermarket Inc is an employee-owne d chain stores operating primarily in the United States. The company has grown rapidly since its establishment to dominate the retail industry in Florida and the US at large, operating 1086 retail stores, 8 centers for grocery distribution, and nine brand-manufacturing facilities. The product portfolio of the company is majorly grocery, foods and beverages, and other finished products, groceries and food products being dominant. With the headquarters in Florida, the retail giant has over 757 stores, with a grocery distribution center in Miami (Publix AMC). The company has a solid establishment in the Florida region, but the fact that the area is prone to hurricanes and tornadoes downplays its development. Due to the delicate nature of its products portfolio, Publix operates a primarily Just-in-Time manufacturing method. This production methodology emphasizes on problem solving and waste reduction for continuous improvement, thus improving organizational performance. The fundamental principles include having adequate inventory only, improving quality, reducing setup time and queue length, and reducing costs. This production method has quality and cost benefits, but the most significant challenge is supply chain disruptions. Supply chain disruptions occur because of failure of one element of the supply chain and the subsequent failure in the rest of the chain. There are two categories of supply chain risks: disruption or operation. Operational risks refer to uncertainties such as uncertainty in costs, customer demand, and supply. Disruption risks are associated with economic crises or manmade and natural disasters. This paper focuses on the disruption risks in the supply chain of Publix Supermarket Inc. In Miami, the most significant disasters are hurricanes. About eight years ago, the region experienced three catastrophic hurricanes in barely two month, with hurricane Charley in August 13 2004, hurricane Ivan in September 2004, and hurricane Jeanne in September 2004. The impacts of the events were enormous to the people and business in that community. Among the most affected was Publix Super Markets, recording well over $60 million in product losses alone (SEC 17). According to the organization’s Form 10-K submission for the fiscal year 2006 to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the 2004-2005 hurricanes had significant financial

To what extent do David Hockney and Chuck Close adopt traditional and Dissertation

To what extent do David Hockney and Chuck Close adopt traditional and digital processes in their Fine Arts practice - Dissertation Example Therefore, it is important to understand how a piece of work becomes a piece of art, and to what purpose that label provides to society. One of the first tools that provided this narrowing of the gap between the artist and the crafter is the camera. Photographic art is defined by parameters that society has set in order to assign value to one photograph over another. However, people from all walks of life and with a variety of intentions have cameras and take photographs, some sharing aspects of artistic quality of those taken by people whose work is considered art. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to create definitive separations between those who use the same types of equipment and create the same kinds of work. Two artists that can be used to discuss the development of digital art are Chuck Close and David Hockney. Chuck Close imitates the digital form, his paintings recreating the digital world through painstaking techniques that create startling realism. One of the finest ex amples of digital art that can be seen through the manipulation of photographic images is in the work of David Hockney. The narrative that is created through his form of collage he called ‘joiners’ creates a reflection of cubism, the individual pieces of the work creating a sense of communication. Defining Art The digital world is a place where the amateur has been given the opportunity to create work that is as expressive as the professional, artistic creations being made with the need for technical skills, at least in the way of tangible elements being put into the works, eliminated and replaced with user friendly tools. Most people have embraced the use of computer technologies, meaning that now almost anyone has the capacity to create art without having to brush paint, form clay, or construct true form. The virtual world is a malleable place which recreates the imagery of three dimension or allows for the manipulation of elements and forms. This means that not only the concept of a true artist is in contrast to a crafter has been permanently blurred, but it means that much of the physical needs of the artist can possibly be replaced with a medium that strips away the need for physical skill, replacing it with intellectually learned skills, the medium diminishing the need to know how to manipulate the real. A digital environment abstracts the fallibility of the human stroke against the canvas and replaces it with an opportunity for perfection. Creating art in a digital world can allow the artist to bypass some of the frustrations that can occur when the creation isn’t reflecting the vision so that the intent of the work can more easily and readily come through to the viewer. Digital art can also allow the artist to take what could not be rendered to perfect expression and refine it to reflect the intended vision. When the human mechanics can not create something that has the nuance that a digital work has, then the artist must consider t o the use of digital enhancement to create what is envisioned. The artist is given a broader number of tools in which to manipulate his expressions, those tools requiring a different type of technical knowledge that was not in previous history available. The artists skills are relevant in a different way, not through his or her expertise with simple tools, but with his or her ability to use common tools of the technical age. What will define the artist

The resistance in a conductor Essay Example for Free

The resistance in a conductor Essay This will consequently increase the resistance of the wire. However if the wire was shorter, the free electrons will not collide with the atoms as much as it did when it was longer. So now I can conclude that resistance is directly proportional to length and that if the length of the wire doubles its resistance doubles. If I draw a graph representing current against voltage for different lengths of wire, then it will look like this: The shortest wire of these will be the steepest in the graph; this is because it has the least resistance and therefore supplied the least voltage. The longest wire will have the greatest resistance and will be represented by the lowest line on the graph. Material of the wire: Here I use two different materials for the wires and calculate their resistance. I have chosen copper and nichrome. I will use the same procedure as mentioned before to calculate the resistance and I will set up the apparatus as first mentioned while keeping the thickness and the length of the wires same. If I were to draw a graph representing current against voltage, for this experiment it will look sort of like this: Thickness of the wire: Resistance: Resistance and length: If I plot a graph to show how resistance varies with length, it will show me something similar to this predicted graph: The graph passes through the origin, which concludes that , however much I increase the length, the resistance will increase by the same amount. Resistance decreases if the cross-section area is increased. An example can help to get a clearer picture; a narrow wire has fewer paths existing for the electrons to move through. While a larger wire has many more paths they could take. This makes conduction easier. It can be shown that the relationship between the cross-section area, A and resistance is R ? 1/A OR R ? K/A Where k is a constant that depends on the length and type of material. If I plot a graph to show how resistance varies with area, this will be shown: Unlike the graph for length, the line doesnt pass through the origin. However: R ? 1/A means that a graph of R against 1/A will show direct proportion. If I plot a graph to show how resistance varies with 1/Area, I will get this: Free electron conducting in metal Conductors: Conductors ( e. g. copper, aluminum ) are those substances which easily allow the passage of electric current through them. It is because there are a large number of free electrons available in a conductor. In terms of energy band, the valence and conduction bands overlap each other as shown below. Due to this overlapping, a slight potential difference across a conductor causes the free electrons to form electric current. Thus the electrical behaviour of conductors can be effectively explained by the band energy theory of materials. Prior test In order to rely on my results, I take the readings of the current for the increasing and the decreasing currents; giving a prior test. Material: Length: Thickness: Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Experiment This first trial is to test the accuracy and the realism of the experiment itself. It also shows us that as the temperature has an effect on resistance. I will use a 100cm long strip of Nichrome wire and attach it to the circuit and the current will be raised and recordings will be taken at different levels. 1. Attach 100cm Nichrome wire. 2. Turn on the power supply and raise the current. 3. Take reading from the voltmeter. 4. Continue raising the power recording voltmeter readings. This above procedure will require the following equipment given below: 1. 100cm Nichrome wire 2. Ammeter 0 to 200 mA 3. Voltmeter 0 to 20 volts 4. Rheostat 5. Crocodile clips 6. Battery 7. Switch with key 8. Connecting wires By adjusting the rheostat the voltage are increasing in steps of 0. 15 V to 0. 50 V. Each time noting down the corresponding ammeter readings. I do this to make sure the readings of the ammeter while increasing and decreasing the voltage are the same almost with a slight variation, therefore making sure that no heating has taken place. I will then note down the ammeter readings while decreasing the voltage in steps of 0. 50 V to 0. 15 V, and Ill take the average current readings as this will improve the reliability of my experiment. I will use a table similarly to the one drawn and record my readings and calculate the resistance. Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 45mm Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V). Sly. No Average = 5. 70 And now I will draw a graph representing current against voltage, and then I will take the line of best fit from which I will take the gradient and check whether the results I have obtained graphically matches the results in the table. Obtaining Evidence In this part of my task, I will show all my graphs and results that I have obtained after carrying out the experiments. I have done the same process as I have planned earlier. My experiment will be based on these:   Length (same thickness and different lengths)   Thickness (same length and different thickness). Resistors in series Resistors in parallel Different Lengths Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 75cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA). Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No   Average = 6. 49 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 50cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 25cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Resistance = 1/440 = 0. 00227 x 1000 = 2. 27 Different Thickness Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 90mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage)Voltage (V) Sly. No Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No Average = 8. 40 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 56mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Average = 4. 86 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm Thickness: 0. 32mm mA Resistance (? )Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. NAverage = 8. 73 Resistance from graph Thickness: 93 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm and 50cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly.   Average = 12. 79 Resistance from graph 100cm and 75cm Gradient = y/x = 25. 15/0. 40 =62. 87 Resistance = 1/62. 87 = 0. 01590 x 1000 = 15. 90 100cm and 50cm. Gradient = y/x = 23. 55/0. 30 = 78. 5 Resistance = 1/78. 5 = 0. 012738 x 100 = 12. 73 Parallel Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm and 75cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. Average = 3. 69 Material: Nichrome Wire Length: 100cm and 50cm Thickness: 0. 45mm mA. Resistance (? ) Average Current (mA) Current (decreasing in voltage) Current (increasing voltage) Voltage (V) Sly. No Resistance   Analyzing Evidence. Here in this part of my experiment I will prove that my hypothesis and my obtained results obey the ohms law. This is where the results from my graphs and the results I have already obtained earlier will be compared; talking about its proportionality. Variation in length: When the length of the wire boosts, the amount of atoms present in it also boosts. The variation of these atoms block the passage of electrons passing through the wire. A slower flow of electrons will therefore lead to less current passing through the wire hence the longer the wire, the longer the electrons have to travel, so they come across more collision. From this statements I predict that the resistance increases with the length of the increasing wire. Hypothesis: It is expected that the resistance should increase in proportion to the length. The resistance should be considerably higher for the 100cm length than it is for the 50cm length. Theoretically the resistance for the 100cm length should be 2 times that of the 50cm length. The reason for this was explained earlier. Resistance will increase with length. Resistance is proportional to length. In this table below I will show the results I have obtained from the graph and the table: ? R/L = constant Average R (graph)R (table) Length of wire (cm). From the above table I have concluded that resistance increases with length and as the length doubles, the resistance doubles about with it. The column R/L is roughly constant. This supports my hypothesis that resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length. The even increase of resistance with length can be explained by the clashes that take place in a wire as current flows through it. When the current flows through a wire, the free electrons collide with the atoms of the wire. The longer the wire the more collisions occur. And this will result in an increase in the resistance. However, the shorter the wire, less the collision, hence less resistance. I will show the relationship between length of a wire and its resistance on a graph, from the values of the above table. And this will confirm my conclusion that length is directly proportional to its resistance. Results The resistance is clearly increasing as the length of the wire increases. And when the length of the wire doubles, its resistance also doubles. The results shown in graph is exactly what is anticipated to happen as stated in the hypothesis. From the table above we can see that as the length doubles, the resistance also approximately doubles. In the last column R/L if found to be constant somewhat, therefore making it obey the ohms law R ? L The predicted graph drawn between R and L looks like this: Variation of thickness This experiment is needed to confirm that the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its diameter. If the cross-section of a wire is enlarged this means that the area on which the electrons move will be enlarged. Thus suggesting that there will be no clouds of electrons and atoms. The current can travel easily with nothing increasing the resistance. Likewise if the wire is narrower the obstruction will be crossed by the electrons will be lesser and therefore the current will decrease. Hypothesis It is expected that the thinnest wire will have the highest resistance because a thicker wire offers less resistance to current than a thinner one of the same material. This is because current consists of electrons flowing through the metal of the wire. The electrons hop from atom to atom in the metal in reaction to the electric field in the circuit. A conductor with a larger cross-section allows more electrons to intermingle with the fields.

Cannabis Sativa: Why Hasnt It Been Legalized? :: essays research papers

What if we were able to legalize a drug that works more efficiently on some diseases than any legal drug on the market today? This drug can help to aid such notorious diseases as AIDS and glaucoma. The name of this drug is cannabis sativa, or its more well-known name, marijuana. Cannabis sativa should be legalized for its medicinal uses. This paper will state the different types of diseases that marijuana may be used for, the current steps towards the legalization of this drug for medicinal purposes, the reasons for the use of this drug not to be exploited, the positive and alleviating effects of its use, and the non-addictive attributes of the drug itself. There are many reasons to show why the illegal drug, marijuana, should be legalized solely for its medicinal uses and benefits. Marijuana can be used for such things as glaucoma, controlling seizures, arthritis, the side effects of cancer chemotherapy, such as vomiting and nausea, asthma, anxiety, convulsions, AIDS and depression (Cohen, 1985). "In glaucoma, it reduces the pressure in the eye, for instance, and it also causes a slight increase in appetite in people suffering from AIDS wasting or those undergoing chemotherapy" (Medical Experts, 1997). Marijuana has been widely touted as a treatment for the drastic weight loss associated with AIDS (Levine, 1997). Cannabis sativa reduces the vomiting and nausea caused by chemotherapy, and alleviates pretreatment anxiety. It reduces the muscle pain and spasticity caused by the disease, but it may also help some patients with bladder control and the relieving of tremors (Facts & Stats, 2001). There are a number of peopl e who have severe mental illnesses. When they feel like they are becoming mentally ill, they start self-medicating with cannabis to help them to relieve the symptoms of the illness they are having (Jamaica, 1997). In the study on rats, a research team from Complutense University and Autonoma University in Madrid found that marijuana's active ingredient, called THC, killed tumor cells in advanced cases of glioma, a quick-killing cancer for which there is currently no effective treatment. The team reports that the treatment works by stimulating the cancer cells to commit suicide in a natural process called apoptosis. The effect occurs in cancer cells but not in normal ones and, they say, "could provide the basis for a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of malignant gliomas". (Rea, 2000) But anytime there is an upside, there is always a downside.

Oot of School Youth

Research in English 2 (Out of School Youth) Prepared by:Osorio, Marie Ann Dominic/ Galvez, Anthony Ross BSCS- 1A To be submitted to Mr. Albert E. Arenas General Topic: Out of School Youth What:Reasons/ Causes of being out of school youth. Who:children (ages 6- 17) and teenagers (ages 18- 24) Where: Philippines Narrowed Topic: Reasons/ Causes of being out of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines Key Questions: 1. What is out of school youth? 2. What are the reasons/ factors of being out of school youth? 3. What are the things that could help those out of school youth? 1 of every 8 Filipino youths not in school–surveyBy  RizaT. Olchondra Philippine Daily Inquirer 2:12 am | Sunday, November 6th, 2011 One out of eight Filipinos aged between six and 24 is an out-of-school youth (OSY), according to the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) of the National Statistics Office (NSO). This translates to about 16 percent of the estimated 39 million Filipinos i n that age bracket, or 6. 24 million people, the NSO said in a report released last week. It said that among the main reasons cited by both males and females for not attending school were â€Å"lack of personal interest,† â€Å"high cost of education,† and â€Å"looking for work. † OSY definedAccording to the office, the term OSY refers to family members six to 17 years old who are not attending a formal school as well as family members 18 to 24 years old who are currently out of school, not gainfully employed and had not finished college or a post-secondary course. â€Å"Among OSYs who are six to 12 years old, lack of personal interest and too young to go to school are two leading reasons, for both males and females,† NSO administrator Carmelita N. Ericta said in the report. Lack of personal interest was also the commonly cited reason for OSYs 13 to 17 years of age, followed by the high cost of education, according to Ericta.For OSYs aged 18 to 24 years, looking for work was cited as the main reason among males, and marriage among females, she added. The state-owned think-tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) said that Filipino families and the Philippine government put a high premium on education, but school participation still remained wanting precisely because of the reasons cited in the NSO study. The PIDS said that addressing the   â€Å"lack of interest† was particularly important because it could be a catch-all phrase for anything, from adjustments due to late school entry to lack of financial or parental support.Besides improving the quality of education and the accessibility of schools, PIDS suggested that the government improve information campaigns on what age children should start going to school and promote continuing education for mothers so that they would support school attendance among their children. Major factor Lack of parental support for education was found to be a major factor in c hildren’s â€Å"lack of interest† in going to school.In addressing the economic blocks to school participation, PIDS said, the government’s conditional cash transfer program might help families that decide to put their children to work rather than complete their education. The Annual Poverty Indicators poll is a nationwide survey conducted during the years when the Family Income and Expenditures Survey is not carried out. For a full survey, the number of samples is around 50,000 households. In the 2010 APIS round, only half of the sample size was used. Of the 21,023 eligible sample households for the 2010 APIS round, 20,103 were interviewed. This translated to a response rate of 95. percent at the national level. Bibliography Olchondra, Riza T. â€Å"1 of every 8 Filipino youths not in school– survey†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 6, 2011. Reasons/ Causes of being out DQ of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines â€Å"One out of eight Filipinos aged between six and 24 is an out-of-school youth (OSY), according to the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) of the National Statistics Office (NSO). This translates to about 16 percent of the estimated 39 million Filipinos in that age bracket, or 6. 24 million people, the NSO said in a report released last week.It said that among the main reasons cited by both males and females for not attending school were â€Å"lack of personal interest,† â€Å"high cost of education,† and â€Å"looking for work. † OSY defined According to the office, the term OSY refers to family members six to 17 years old who are not attending a formal school as well as family members 18 to 24 years old who are currently out of school, not gainfully employed and had not finished college or a post-secondary course. â€Å"Among OSYs who are six to 12 years old, lack of personal interest and too young to go to school are two leading reasons, for both males a nd females,† NSO administrator Carmelita N.Ericta said in the report. Lack of personal interest was also the commonly cited reason for OSYs 13 to 17 years of age, followed by the high cost of education, according to Ericta. For OSYs aged 18 to 24 years, looking for work was cited as the main reason among males, and marriage among females, she added. The state-owned think-tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) said that Filipino families and the Philippine government put a high premium on education, but school participation still remained wanting precisely because of the reasons cited in the NSO study.The PIDS said that addressing the   â€Å"lack of interest† was particularly important because it could be a catch-all phrase for anything, from adjustments due to late school entry to lack of financial or parental support. Besides improving the quality of education and the accessibility of schools, PIDS suggested that the government improve information campaigns on what age children should start going to school and promote continuing education for mothers so that they would support school attendance among their children. Major factorLack of parental support for education was found to be a major factor in children’s â€Å"lack of interest† in going to school. In addressing the economic blocks to school participation, PIDS said, the government’s conditional cash transfer program might help families that decide to put their children to work rather than complete their education. The Annual Poverty Indicators poll is a nationwide survey conducted during the years when the Family Income and Expenditures Survey is not carried out. For a full survey, the number of samples is around 50,000 households.In the 2010 APIS round, only half of the sample size was used. Of the 21,023 eligible sample households for the 2010 APIS round, 20,103 were interviewed. This translated to a response rate of 95. 6 percent at the national level. † Olchondra Reasons/ Causes of being out S of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines According to the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) of the National Statistic Office (NSO), one of eight Filipinos aged between six and twenty-four (6 & 24) is an out of school youth (OSY).It means that in 39 million Filipinos on that said age bracket, 6. 24 million (16%) of it were OSY. According to NSO, the term OSY refers to family members 6- 17 years old who are not attending a formal school as well as family members 18- 24 years old who are currently out of school, not gainfully employed and had not finished college or a post-secondary course. The major factor or reasons of being out of school youth is â€Å"lack of interest†. And the â€Å"lack of interest† of the children is due to â€Å"lack of parental support†.In addition, â€Å"lack of personal interest† and â€Å"too young to go to school† is the main reason of ages 6- 12 years old, same with ages 13- 17 years old. While looking for a job was cited as the main reason among males, and getting married is the main reason among females of ages 18- 24. Olchondra Reasons/ Causes of being out P of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines Out of School Youth (OSY) refers to children who are not attending formal school, and teenagers who had not finished college or a post-secondary course. According to NSO, 6. 4 million (16%) of the estimated 39 million Filipinos of ages 6- 24 years old were out of school youth (OSY). The major factor or reasons of being out of school youth is â€Å"lack of interest†. And the â€Å"lack of interest† of the children is due to â€Å"lack of parental support†. In addition, â€Å"lack of personal interest† and â€Å"too young to go to school† is the main reason of ages 6- 12 years old, same with ages 13- 17 years old. While looking for a job was cited as the main reas on among males, and getting married is the main reason among females of ages 18- 24. Olchondra

Business Environment Essay

The successful accomplishment of this case study is the outcome of the contribution of number of people, especially those who have given the time and effort to share their thoughts and suggestions to improve the report. At the beginning, I would like to pay my humble gratitude to the Almighty God for giving me the ability to work hard under pressure. This report on â€Å"Case study on Business Environment† is prepared through continuous research for a period of about one month. This long span of work would not have been possible without the help of various generous hands. My sincere gratitude to my course instructor, for his supervision on this report. He has given a lot of assistance in coordinating the whole report. Without his perseverance and guidance this report would have been a pile of worthless paper. Page 2 of 17 Table of Content Topic Executive Summary Understanding the organisational purposes of businesses 1.1 Identify the purposes of different types of organization considering their legal structure and types (private company, public company, and voluntary organisation, co-operative, charitable) 1.2 Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders 1.3 Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet stakeholder interests; conflict of expectations; satisfying stakeholder objectives Understanding the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate 2.1 Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively 2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities 2.3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organization. Understanding the behaviour of organisations in their market environment 3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses. 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples. 3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organization. Assessing the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities 4.1 Discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organizations 4.2 Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organizations 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations Recommendations References    Executive Summary First of all I have introduced the company named ‘Sainsbury’s and after that I will describe organisational purposes, nature of the national environment, the behaviour of organisations in their market environment and implication of the global factors that shape national business activities. Sainsbury’s is one of the UK’s leader retailers, currently its position is just after Tesco, who is occupying the market leading position. Anyway Sainsbury’s t offer high quality with great value products and services ranging from food, cloths, daily household needs etc. they employed over than 152,000 (2012) people in the UK, and have more than 1,016stores in UK .Their markets is growing rapidly, recently they have planned to expand more in overseas markets. In brief, I am going to identify the purpose of different types of organisation, their responsibilities, strategies based on the present market situation, trade policies, and behaviours as well as economic, government and the world trade organization impacts on the organization. Then the explanation of market structures, market forces that shape the organisation’s response and impact of business and cultural environment on the organisation. Finally I will discuss the impact of the global factors and how policies of the European Union affect UK business organisations. Page 4 of 17 Understand the organisational purposes of businesses 1.1 Identify the purposes of different types of organization considering their legal structure and types. A business can be organized as follows: Proprietorship: has a singly owner, known as proprietor, who manages the business; proprietorships tend to be small business or professional services, such as accountants, lawyer Partnership: joins two or more persons as co-owners, each owner is a partner and the partnership deal can be done, it is called a mutual, mutual Agency: Organization: this organization, owned by shareholders, these people who own shares in the organization, is a certificate representing ownership in a organization, the business is a organization, when the State approved the articles of incorporation, and the first stock share published article to the lines that have been approved by the administration of the State Corporation, unlike sole proprietorship and partnerships. Public joint stock organization, limited liability organization offers limited liability to its owners and management. If want to be, that the organization can make the organization sells shares to investors, it is useful in attracting capital. Only limited liability organization can be listed on the Stock Exchange, and the character of their stocks has a suffix. So, British Petroleum PLC and BP ticker. A private organization may issue shares and shareholders. But their shares are not on public exchanges and were not granted for the initial public offering. Voluntary organizations: It’s an organization with random or regular volunteer for exploitation and may or may not have paid employees. Voluntary organization is characterized by independence of the State; organize themselves through the unpaid Board membership; Membership that is not received or ordered; support for the charity; are not for profit Cooperative Organization: Page 5 of 17 The organization owned, managed and operated by a group of users in their favor. Each Member must contribute capital and share in the control of the organization on the basis of the principle of one Member one vote. Charity: Embedded or included tax exempt; developed and used for charitable purposes ;uses its own funds for these charitable activities under its direct control; does not to distribute any part of the turnover is generated for each curator, trustier, Member, or any other individuals and does not associated with political organizations. 1.2 Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders The upper diagram shows Different stakeholders are engaged in an organization that have different objectives and needs which are served by the organization. Here as follows, a) Investors. Investors are concern regarding the risk of investments, interest and overall return. They need information to determine if he/she should buy, keep or sell. The shareholders are interested about the stability and profitability of organization. Organizations provide information that makes them assess the dividends. b) Staff. Organization meets the employers’ expectations through salary, bonuses and ensures safe environment for the employers. c) Lenders. They are interested in the information for their Loans and trade credits. An organization paid them back as sale proceeds come from customers end. Page 6 of 17 d) Suppliers and other vendors, who are likewise interested in information to determine whether their supplies and trade credits safe or not. An organization paid off to them for their supplies. e) Clients keep their eye on organization’s commitment, or market position. Organization ensures their interest through growth of business. f) Governments institutions, Organization help the government in the allocating the resources under country’s business regulation practices also by paying tax which are part of fundamental national income of the country. g) Public, An organization help people to find employment thus help to develop local economy as well as the country. They also help to encourage local suppliers and information about the trend and overall productivity of the country. 1.3 Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet stakeholder interests; conflict of expectations; satisfying stakeholder objectives Responsibilities of an Organisation An Organization and various forms of responsibilities to the stakeholders and at the same time they take best effective strategies to meet stakeholder’s interest, conflict of expectation and towards satisfying their objectives. Different stakeholders have different priorities in case of organizational responsibilities which are as follows: Employees: Organization needs to ensure good working environment and proper payment. Shareholders: Organization responsibilities towards their shareholder are to make sure about their profit and dividend. Government and their Institution: Proper allocation of resources, employment solution, follow business regulation of the country, pay corporate tax on time etc are organization’s responsibility towards government and supporting institutions. Customer: Ensuring best quality of goods and services at lowest possible price is an important responsibility of organization. Besides above responsibilities, every organization has been introduced with some new concept of responsibilities which is known as Corporate and Social Responsibility (CSR). Can be subdivided into four criteria (John M. Bryson, 2009) Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate 2.1 Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively The economic system is composed of various processes in the Organization and motivation of work production, distribution and circulating, including products and services. Consumer goods, machinery, tools and other technologies. There are three types of economic systems: Market Economy: this market to a minimum level of government intervention is kept or forgotten and economic resources among the private sector as well as the mechanism of price will determine how many products or services will be delivered in accordance with the requirements of the market. Centrally planned Economy System: The Government makes all the plans for economic resources and economic activities which can be seen on in Asia, Centre of Europe, Cuba, Iran and Iraq have these economic systems. In this process unemployment will not be a problem as the Government plan for all economic activities and resources. Mixed economy system: this is so far the best economic system for modern world. A mix of other systems, that is public and private both price mechanism work jointly in this process. And also distributes the resources available in the region. The country, like the United States of America, Canada, and France has this mix economic system, in this process, if one system does not work properly then other works in its process and make balance in the whole economic system. 2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities Government use fiscal policy fiscal revenue and expenditure of the Government. When the Government loans from abroad, it creates lower demand of goods and services. As domestic production decreases this lending policy from abroad can affect the related organization. On the other hand organization can achieve better profits for the added capital when government cut of taxes In case of monetary policy process, thorough which government controls the supply of money within the country, most of the benefits come out when government can stabilize prices and keep Page 9 of 17   As government keeps the interest rate low, people can lend more money. Thus the extra money they can put into production or in the business cycle which in return increases the profit of the organization. On the other hand higher interest rate does the vice versa. In this way controlling monetary policy government can affect the organization of the whole country. 2.3 Influence of the policy of closure and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of the Organization: The competition targets a market run on the boardwalk and promote better compete it the quality and price. Thus competition contributes to a broader selection of clients in the market and offers the actual and effective price competition between suppliers. With the negotiation of World Trade Organisation (WTO), world leading trading nations signed and ratified in their parliaments. Main goal is to help producers of goods and services, as well as exporters and importers conduct their smooth business. Almost all people want to have their better interests in international trade. As a result international trade and marketing can be broken sooner or later.WTO helps to prevent or mitigate the problems related to the pricing. Profit etc through their details investigation.WTO also covers intellectual property, goods and services, principles of liberalization and including exceptions. The strengthened dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO helps to strengthen to reduce the potential for unilateral and bilateral action outside the multilateral system, proponents of the WTO has long argued that the reduction of trade barriers will increase world trade, but there is hardly a rigorous Empirical research on the impact of WTO or trade or trade policy, although a recent study shows that very little, if any, effects, in another study of the IMF does not agree with this conclusion. Page 10 of 17 Understanding of environmental NGOs in the behaviour of the market 3.1 explain how market structures, determination of the price and output decisions of enterprises. UKs explain the current situation and determine what correct structure would be helpful There are five types of market structure in the UK, and they are following. Perfect competition and perfect competition market Perfect competition market is one where a very large number of buyers and sellers, all distended in the purchase and sale of product, without any unnatural and has a perfect knowledge of the market at the time. With the Koulsayaiannis words are â€Å"the structure of perfect competition market, total absence of rivalry between Individual price takers and where there is freedom of entry into and exit from the industry.† The monopoly market Monopoly is Salvatore as a monopoly is a form of organization of the common market, where there is one organization to sell the item for which there is no change. † There are a number of characteristics of monopoly which †¢ There is only one seller †¢ All control on delivery of product is in the hands of a monopoly †¢ Under the monopoly, the organization itself is an industry; it can be a solo entrepreneur, partnership, JSCs, and etc. †¢ There is no close substitute product monopoly. In the case of cross-border demand elasticity is, in any case, it is possible. †¢ There are restrictions on the entry of other companies in a product monopoly. Page 11 of 17 Duopoly Duopoly is a special case, the theory of oligopoly, where there are only two sellers and they are fully independent and conflict between them. Variations in price and will affect the performance of the other and the other bears the loss must meet the cost of the competitor. Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market where there are several companies that sell or standardized various goods. It is difficult to say, the number of companies in the competition between the pair. A few problems on the market shares of the organization, as a rule, on the other. Oligopoly industry produces a standardized product or different products. This concept is called clean and spotless oligopoly and the last incomplete or oligopoly discrimination, called. Monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition refers to market conditions, when there are many companies that sell a variety of products. â€Å"There is a competition, with enthusiasm, but not perfect, many companies produce very similar products. No organization may not have to reveal the impact on policy, the export of other sellers or price can be very affected by their actions. Define monopolistic competition competition among a large number of Sell of close, but not perfect substitutes for each other. 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples. There are different forces which shape organizational responses to the market. Among them main five markets forces which can shape the responses are given below: Threat of a new entry: Any organization with innovative ideas, technologies and process can affect the existing organization. Threat of a new entry of Sainsbury’s is medium as the business process and environment relatively high barriers for any new entry. Threat of substitute products: Represents a product obtained from industry replacements, perhaps in another area, in this case is the high compensation of marketing competitiveness as Morrison and Asabi are facing big challenge from Tesco in that case. Page 12 of 17 Bargaining power of customers: There are a lot of supermarkets and brands, the customer has the right to choose a product or service that they want and need. In this case competitive price and better quality only can assure business success. Sainsbury’s are in better position with their price and quality though they have to face price war with Tesco and also they face strong challenge from John Lewis and M&S regarding the quality. Bargaining power for suppliers: As there are large numbers of suppliers. Collective bargaining in this situation is weak for the suppliers Rivalry: There is high competition due to large number of suppliers with different price and quality. Sainsbury has to compete both with the price and quality with the other competitor. Through their competency, Sainsbury’s have maintained their reputation and strong position in the market. 3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organization. As a major retailer Sainsbury’s is well known throughout UK. They are now is one of the best British dealers among the competitors. They also spread their operation USA.they is also planning to spread their market in Asia. Though Sainsbury’s facing tough competition with other retailers, such as Tesco and Asda, but as customers are getting smarter and aware about the quality with price, they are still in a strong position in the market. As we know UK multicultural country with variety of nations, further market researched need to be done with the multicultural food habit, religion and cultures in order to hold the best position in the market. Page 13 of 17 Assessment of the meaning of global factors shaping national activities 4.1 Discuss the importance of international trade for UK business organizations International trade covers trade between United Kingdom and the rest of the world. Any country will have e limited resources of goods, services without international trade. Trade relation between countries and cheap labour and sourcing from developing countries plays an important role in shaping national activities. Moreover of invention and uses of new technologies, access into the cheap sources and labour market also playing a crucial role in shaping the national activities. 4.2 analyze impact of global factors on UK business organizations Globalization has a different impact on UK business: Technology: Organization in have gone through the Internet to promote their products and offer discounts with free delivery on their products to attract clients and makes it easy for them to their products. Sainsbury’s is not behind the progress. Social: Customer tastes change from time to time and from period to period or standard or quality of life. Globalization has put its impact to customers providing variety of taste, attitude and trend and fashions in an advanced way. Political: Political systems that are presently elevated and forced around the world in part to growth of consumption also leading to vast impoverishment and development. We can see the reflection in the UK market as well. Private sectors especially small business and young entrepreneurs are encouraged for business. Trade barriers UK businesses are facing less trade barriers than they used to face before. Page 14 of 17 Environment: Now a day’s people are getting concern day by day regarding green environment. Plastic bags are banned in so many places. People are encouraged to use reusable bags and other eco friendly products, protecting forests. In addition electronics communication are also used instead of printing papers 4.3 assessment of the impact of the European Union’s policy on UK business organizations The European Union has gained more power than before over the policy guidance for the UK business organizations.EU has taken policy to strengthen the industry and move in the direction of eco friendly environment and create jobs. It also helps to promote small companies to grow their business through associating policies, such as competition policy, which helps the fair treatment for all, and reduce costs, improve quality and choice of the customer. EU consumer policy should ensure that the client is protected in their health and safety, as well as help them improve their life. Establishment of Impact Assessment Unit and reduction of regulation cost by EU is also welcome step for UK. Page 15 of 17 Recommendations Sainsbury’s is one of the leading retailer in UK, They meet the stakeholders interest through their superior management quality and also ensuring customers by providing high quality of products. Moreover their dynamic strategies help them to grow rapidly within the limited resources and present government moderate policies. On the contrary, Sainbury’s need be more active to increase number of store in the overseas market and also market research activity especially for the multicultural community. Sainsbury’s have lots of strong competitors like Asda,M&S, Jhon Lewis etc who are also have a good positioning in the market. Actually, the competition lies in the quality and price of the product and services, purchasing behaviour of the customer and of course customer services. In that case they need to find alternative cheap sources from developing countries. Finally, not only the organization, the positive role of the Government, WTO and EU would plays an important role to ensure the overall growth of organizations in UK. Page 16 of 17 References: 1. www.sainsburys.co.uk 2. www.gov.uk/†¦/10-1257-guidelines-for-managing-projects 3. www.investopedia.com/ 4. www.investorguide.com/article/11595/introduction-to-the-economy-fiscal-and-monetary-policy-igu 5. www.wto.org 6. ec.europa.eu/trade/policy 7. www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html 8. John M. Bryson, John M. Bryson;Hubert H. Humphrey (2009),’What to do when stakeholders matters? Stakeholder Identification and Analysis Techniques, Institute of Public Affairs’; 9. Thomas, J. C. (1993) ‘Public Involvement and Governmental Effectiveness: A Decision-Making Model for Public Managers. Administration and Society, 24:4 pp444-69. Page 17 of 17